* Reference 

1. Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM. Chronic constipation in the elderly. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:18-25.

2. Brown WJ, Mishra G, Lee C, Bauman A. Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: relationship with well being and symptoms. Res Q Exerc Sport 2000;71:206-216.

3. Song BK, Cho KO, Jo Y, Oh JW, Kim YS. Colon transit time according to physical activity level in adults. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;18:64-69.

4. Shin JE, Jung HK, Lee TH, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic functional constipation in Korea, 2015 revised edition. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016;22:383-411.

5. Shin JE, Jung HK, Lee TH, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic functional constipation in Korea, 2015 revised edition.

6 Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016;22:383-411. 3. Gwee KA, ,Ghoshal UC, Gonlachanvit S, et al. Primary care management of chronic constipation in Asia: The ANMA chronic constipation tool. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;19:149-160.

7. American Gastroenterological Association, Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, Pressman A. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology 2013;144:211-217. 

8. Bove A, Pucciani F, Bellini M, et al. Consensus statement AIGO/SICCR: diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation and obstructed defecation (part I: diagnosis). World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:1555-1564.

9. Markland AD, Palsson O, Goode PS, Burgio KL, Busby-Whitehead J, Whitehead WE. Association of low dietary intake of fiber and liquids with constipation: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:796-803

10. Jeong Eun Shin, Kyung Sik Park and Kwangwoo Nam., Chronic Functional Constipation., Korean J Gastroenterol Vol. 73 No. 2, 92-98

11. Heaton, K W & Lewis, S J 1997, 'Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time'. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.32, no.9, pp.920 - 924. Retrieved on 2/3/2007.

12. Jeong Eun Shin, MD., 만성 기능성 변비, J Korean Med Assoc 2019 February; 73(2): 92-98.

13. Jeong Eun Shin, MD., 변비의 약물치료: 경구완하제를 중심으로., J Korean Med Assoc 2018 January; 61(1):57-61.